Dual labor market
Environmental justice issues
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Glass ceiling, glass walls, or glass escalator
for the ones cracking jokes that was not needed..I was looking for more information to include into my assignment for school. Evidentally I am not searching in the right spot to find the information I was looking for and was hoping somebody could give me a hint or something.

Today’s business travelers are wired—in more ways than one.

Plugged into voice mail and e-mail, hovered over laptops far into the night, business travelers have nowhere to hide from the pressures of work. Other stresses such as crowded highways, overbooked flights and unexplained delays can make just getting to a destination downright miserable.

With more business travelers on the road than ever before, it’s no wonder today’s road warriors are seeking ways to relax. According to the Travel Industry Association of America’s National Travel Survey, 197 million trips were taken in 1998, with each business traveler taking an average of 5.4 business trips a year.

So how can the nation’s road warriors cope with all of that travel? Here are 10 tips that just may take the edge off business travel.

1. Take a mental vacation
   That’s what nearly all business travelers do when they’re traveling by plane. Ninety-five percent do not consider work their first priority during flight, according to a poll conducted by Harris Interactive for Delta Air Lines. Leisure, rather than work activities, is mentioned more frequently. In fact, more than half (55 percent) take advantage of onboard entertainment and 64 percent use the time to sit and think. A whopping 81 percent read for pleasure, topped only by the all-time favorite activity for business fliers—looking out the window.
2. Escape in a book
   If you’re among those who enjoy reading to relax, Country Inns & Suites By Carlson has an in-hotel library program called Book It And Return that lends guests free books such as The New York Times best-seller “Tuesdays with Morrie.” “With more than 80 percent of business travelers reading for pleasure during their trips, we encourage our guests to borrow a book from the in-house library. When they’re finished with it we ask that guests return the book to any Country Inns & Suites North American property upon their next visit,” says Yvonne La Penotiere, vice president of sales & marketing, Country Inns & Suites. “For each book that is returned, the company will make a $5 donation to Laubach Literacy, up to a $20,000 annual donation.”
3. Get some exercise
   After sitting in meetings and seminars all day, it’s not unusual to feel the need for exercise and fresh air. More than one fourth of U.S. travelers have used a fitness center or gym while traveling. And last year one in eight played golf while on a trip of 100 miles or more away from home, according to the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA).
4. Find another outlet
   Is shopping your sport? It is for many travelers, including those on business trips. Outlet shopping malls are becoming major attractions, with 55 million travelers visiting them annually. And while the shopping experience isn’t necessarily the primary reason for most trips, many consider it another diversion from the daily grind. After all, walking around a mall is a form of exercise, too.
5. Create your own spa
   A business trip is the perfect excuse to pamper yourself. Why not turn your hotel bathroom into you own personal spa? Pack some scented candles into your overnight case. Fill up the tub, throw in some bath oil and wallow in self-indulgence. Paint your toenails pink. And no one will see you if you use a bright blue facial mask.
6. Eat anything you want
   When you’re tired, stressed and frazzled, a club sandwich won’t do. Splurge on room service and order a thick, juicy steak. Top off your meal with chocolate mousse and strawberries. Or forget the idea of a balanced meal altogether and have hot, buttered popcorn for dinner, and watch the in-room movie in your PJ’s.
7. Tune everything out
   Late night revelers keeping you awake? Bring along a sound machine. You can find portable battery-operated or plug-in models in gift and gadget stores. Some units even have cartridges for special effects, so you can drift off to the restful sounds of ocean waves, crickets or rain showers—there’s even a “white noise” version based on the sounds of a mother’s womb.
8. Ask for it—they just might have it
   Following U.S. lodging industry trends that point to customized hotels for business travelers, Country Inns & Suites hotels offer guests the comforts and conveniences of home. According to www.countryinns.com, you can expect a variety of amenities, ranging from in-room coffeemakers and irons, to a “Did You Forget?” program that offers guests more than a dozen personal care items, from a toothbrush to a sewing kit.
9. Bring the family
   If your business trip takes you away from the family, bring them with you. More travelers are taking family members along with them on business trips, and extending their business travels into leisure vacations. Two out of 10 business travelers (21 percent) combined business and vacation on their last business trip, according to the Travel Industry Association of America.
10. De-stress the drive
    An often-overlooked segment of the business travel market includes people who drive to their destinations. If you’re among them, you’re not alone. According to D.K. Shifflet & Associates, a Virginia market research firm, U.S. business people spend 1.1 billion days a year on out-of-town trips, and more than 62 percent of the journeys are by car. While in the car, Americans bring a variety of tech toys with them—as many as 57 percent, according to a survey by electronics retailer Best Buy.

Among the gizmos designed to take the bite out of travel, a surprising 16.5 percent of the survey’s respondents, including 70 percent men, said they would choose a global positioning system (GPS) as their most desired product to bring along on a trip.

No matter how much things change, some travel truisms stay the same: When it comes to coping strategies, it seems most people would rather use a GPS than ask someone for directions.

Ownership is Critical

The most effective teams have members that claim ownership in the vision and the mission of the organization. Leaders in the most successful organizations offer a complete (understood) vision for each project or issue and a plan authored by the participating team members to fulfill it. The United States Chamber of Commerce Institute for Organization Management teaches time and again: “If they write it, they’ll underwrite it.” Only those members with ownership of a project or issue will take the time to understand the vision and, then, create a plan with specific strategic areas of direction and achievable goals to hold one another accountable to fulfill the mission that fulfills the vision. That’s ownership.

Writing this article from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, it is appropriate to use a golf metaphor to highlight the point. Imagine two foursomes in a local golf league. One group is there to have fun and if they win, great. But if they don’t, it’s not a big deal to them. The other four people, however, are there for a purpose. They see themselves holding the trophy before they even begin. They hold ownership in the vision and through their proclamation, their mission statement if you will, they have stated in unison, that they will do it. The first foursome is a group. The second foursome is a team.

Vision is To Be and Mission is To Do

To graduate a group into a team is to first understand the difference between vision and mission. Simply stated, vision is what you want to be and mission is what you will do, ultimately to make the vision a reality.

The vision statement for the National Widget Manufacturers Association might read, “To be the first and best resource for widget manufacturers nationwide.” To fulfill this vision, it would require an operational mission statement that would be concise and focused on three or four strategies designed for the organization to remain focused on their purpose. “It is our mission to serve, protect, and promote the widget manufacturers of America.” If a group suddenly sees the vision before they start and if they have the courage to say what they will do out loud, they will fast become a team.

Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself

Courage is another critical element in graduating a group into a team. The best definition of courage may have come from a United States Army television commercial years ago when a young man asked his father, “What is courage?” The father replied, “Courage is setting your fears aside and doing your job.” Today, the best examples of this statement are the pilots and flight attendants of all the U.S. airlines. It’s one thing to wave a flag, but it’s another thing to get back on the plane.

A group member may have patriotism for the organization, but he or she will never be a team member until courage is exhibited. We can have a vision statement, a mission statement, a group hug, and a rousing verse of Kumbayah, but without the courage to speak up and publicly state our purpose we will remain a group of good people with good intentionsultimately doing no good.

Compare Team Size to Job Descriptions

Logistics are the next focal point in graduating from a group to a team. Does size really matter? Yes and no. Size only matters to the specific group you are focusing on at the time. In my career, there have been times when a “committee of one” was the most effective, efficient, and productive way to go. However, this is very rare.

An insightful member in my organization once offered, “If there are more than six in a meeting, you have a gathering, not a meeting.” If you select a team of six people for a project and only three have the ownership required to be successful, their productivity will be cut in half. This is not because the top three couldn’t do it by themselves, but because the three “sum fillers” were simply in the way. To be proactive in preventing this problem, identify the individual job descriptions needed to support the mission first, then put the right number of people in the right number of jobs.

Location, Location, Location

Some say you are what you eat. In organization management, it may be said you are how you meet. Groups meet because the meeting is scheduled. Teams meet when they need to meet.

Groups will meet in a basement or a lower-priced restaurant confirming their limited “buy in” to the issue or project. Teams, on the other hand, understand the philosophy of “you are how you meet.” Strong organizations make it a priority to provide meeting space and logistics that give stature to the participants and mission at hand. Organizations that don’t invest in a team’s surroundings are missing a beat.

Have Rules to Play by

Groups are usually happy to carry dead weight. The “Oh, it’s okay if you miss a few meetings” type of comment is commonly heard here. Groups that have become teams will have a strong orientation. This orientation will offer well-defined job descriptions, expected responsibilities and automatic dismissal or disciplinary actions for behaviors negatively affecting the Team. We are taught that 80 percent of a board member’s job is simply showing up. The same holds true for any of the teams we create.

Expectation, Evaluation and Recognition

The Alpha and Omega in team development begins with expectation and ends with evaluation. To motivate and excite other people you should consider what they expect first. If your mission and their expectations of the program or project match up, you will have a great start. If they don’t, don’t start yet. The final evaluation is equally critical. Final evaluations recognize strengths and weaknesses not only in the project or program, but in the people that made up the team. If formal evaluation is left out or minimized, you have cheated yourself and your organization of the effort’s full value.

With evaluation comes recognition and the Ken Blanchards and Peter Druckers of the world will remind you that the number one rule in management is “you get what you reward.” If you believe this to be true, then don’t reward all of the team members unless all of the team members deserve it. Yes, it is easier said than done but you, too, need to exhibit courage. The people that were on a team in name only may complain or even drop their membership if you don’t recognize them with those that did do the work, but think ahead! What will you really lose if they do go away? It is not fair to give awards and recognition to people who do a great job if the same award or recognition is given to a slacker.

Abraham Maslow clarified our need for recognition. So, don’t be fooled when someone says, “I don’t need any awards.” If they are actually saying it out loud, they are getting what they say they don’t want. (It’s similar to honesty. Honesty should go without saying and when someone has to say, “I’m honest,” perk up and pay close attention.) People, especially team members, want and need and deserve recognition. Give it accordingly so your team(s) don’t become groups again.

Enthusiasm is the #1 Emotion

In the final analysis of graduating a group to a team, all of the components discussed are critical: ownership, vision, mission, expectations, evaluation, and recognition will help an association executive build a team from a group. But, without passion, a group that does all the things a team is supposed to do, is still a group. Passion—real passion—with all the exciting enthusiasm you can muster for a vision and the mission to fulfill it is the final key to activate, not just motivate, a group into a true team. Look for people that work as hard as they play and play as hard as they work.